Trece años de experiencia en el manejo de cáncer vesical con neovejiga ortotópica de Studer / Management of bladder cancer with Studer orthotopic neobladder: 13-year experience

Introducción: Posterior a la cistectomía radical, la derivaciones urinarias ortotópicas han tomado importancia en los últimos años. El objetivo de este informe es presentar los resultados en pacientes sometidos a derivación urinaria ortotópica tipo Studer posterior a cistectomía radical. Material y métodos: Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes con cáncer vesical sometidos a cistectomía radical más realización de neovejiga ileal entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 2004. Resultados: De los 306 pacientes operados de cistectomía radial con derivación urinaria, se incluyeron 42 (13.7 %) pacientes en quienes la derivación urinaria fue neovejiga tipo Studer, 34 (80.9 %) hombres y ocho (19.1 %) mujeres, con una edad promedio de 60 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de siete horas, con sangrado promedio de 1600 ml, requiriendo ingreso a unidad de terapia intensiva 55 % de los casos. La complicación temprana más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica, presente en 28 (66 %) pacientes, y la más grave fue la fuga urinaria uretero-ileal, en siete (16.6 %). Entre las complicaciones tardías más importantes destacan la incontinencia urinaria diurna y nocturna, frecuentemente relacionadas a infecciones de vías urinarias y oclusión intestinal. A cinco años de seguimiento, la sobrevida global fue de 71 %, la mortalidad específica por cáncer fue de 15 % y la mortalidad relacionada a la cirugía de 7.3 %. Conclusiones: La realización de neovejigas ortotópicas es reproducible en centros con experiencia y una alternativa a la derivación urinaria heterotópica con conducto ileal.

BACKGROUND: We present the results of patients submitted to a Studer type urinary orthotopic derivation after radical cystectomy. METHODS: The files of patients with bladder cancer submitted to a radical cystectomy plus the procedure of the ileal neobladder were reviewed in our hospital from January 1992 until December 2004. Patients were divided into two groups: group A--60 years old or younger and group B-->60 years old. RESULTS: From 306 patients submitted to radical cystectomy with urinary derivation, there were 42 patients (13.7%) included with Studer type neobladder. There were 34 (80.9 %) men and 8 (19.1%) women, with an average age of 60 years. Average surgical time was 7 h with an average blood loss of 1600 cc requiring transfer to intensive care unit (ICU) in 55% of the cases. The most frequent early complication was metabolic acidosis that was present in 28 (66%) patients. The most severe complication was ileal-ureter urinary leak, which was present in seven (16.6 %) patients. Among the most frequent late complications are the day- and night-time urinary incontinence often related to urinary infections and intestinal occlusion. Overall 5-year survival was 71%, cancer-specific mortality was 15% and surgical-related mortality was 7.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of procedures with orthotopic neobladders is actually feasible in experienced hospital centers and is a valuable alternative to urinary heterotopic derivation with ileal conduit. Postoperative patient management and regular follow-up is of major importance.

Bloqueo androgénico total en el manejo del cáncer de próstata neuroendocrino / Androgen-deprivation therapy in the management of neuroendocrine prostate cancer

Introducción: El carcinoma prostático neuroendocrino constituye menos de 1 % de las neoplasias prostáticas, con menos de 200 casos en la literatura. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la experiencia en el manejo del carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata con bloqueo androgénico total. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional, en el que se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes con sospecha de cáncer de próstata sometidos a biopsia transrectal o resección transuretral de próstata, de enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2007. Fueron seleccionados pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de carcinoma neuroendocrino en sus variantes pura y mixta. Se analizó edad, estadio clínico, antígeno prostático específico, estudios de gabinete, tratamiento y sobrevida. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 casos con edad media de 66.5 años; los síntomas al momento del diagnóstico estaban asociados a invasión metastásica a distancia, siendo el principal el dolor óseo. Se identificó un tacto sospechoso en todos los pacientes y solo en tres (30 %) el antígeno prostático específico fue sospechoso de cáncer. Los estudios de extensión determinaron actividad metastásica ósea, locorregional, pulmonar y hepática. En seis (60 %) se documentó la variante mixta (adenocarcinoma acinar más carcinoma neuroendocrino), con una sobrevida promedio de 11.6 meses, y en cuatro (40 %) se registró carcinoma neuroendocrino puro, con una sobrevida promedio de siete meses. Conclusiones: El carcinoma neuroendocrino de próstata es infrecuente, agresivo y un ejemplo de neoplasia prostática que no expresa el antígeno prostático específico, con mala respuesta al bloqueo androgénico total en etapa avanzada.

BACKGROUND: Prostatic neuroendocrine carcinomas comprise <1% of all prostate neoplasms, and approximately 200 cases have been reported in the literature. We undertook this study to describe the experience in the management of prostatic neuroendocrine carcinoma with androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). METHODS: We designed a retrospective, descriptive and observational study. In patients with suspicion of prostate cancer, transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy (TRUS) or transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was carried out during the period from January 2000 to December 2007. Patients were selected by anatomopathological diagnostic study of neuroendocrine carcinoma including pure and mixed variants. Characteristics analyzed were age, clinical stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), imaging studies, treatment and survival. RESULTS: Ten cases were included with a median age of 66.5 years. Symptoms at diagnosis were associated with metastasis to other organs, one with bone metastasis, and presenting pain in 100% of the cases. A suspicious rectal digital examination was detected in 100% of the patients. In three (30%) patients, PSA was suspicious for prostate cancer. The extension studies showed bone, locoregional, lung and hepatic metastases. In six (60%) patients mixed variant was documented (acinar adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma) with a median survival of 11.6 months. In four patients (40%), pure neuroendocrine carcinoma was documented with a median survival of 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic neuroendocrine carcinoma is uncommon, aggressive and represents a prostatic neoplasia without PSA expression. In advanced disease, very low response is reached with ADT.

Experiencia quirúrgica en el adenocarcinoma de uraco / Surgical experience with urachal carcinoma

Introducción: Los adenocarcinomas de uraco constituyen menos de 1 % de las neoplasias malignas vesicales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la experiencia médica y quirúrgica al respecto en nuestro centro hospitalario. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer vesical a quienes se les efectuó cistectomía radical con derivación urinaria o cistectomía parcial, seleccionando aquellos con informe patológico de adenocarcinoma de uraco entre enero de 1994 y mayo de 2007. Se analizó edad, sexo, sintomatología, métodos diagnósticos, abordaje quirúrgico, complicaciones y sobrevida. Resultados: De 306 pacientes, cinco (1.6 %) tuvieron adenocarcinoma del uraco: tres hombres (60 %) y dos mujeres (40 %), con edad promedio de 61 años. Dado que la hematuria constituyó el síntoma común, fueron abordados inicialmente con ultrasonido. En uno se documentó tumor de ovario derecho, por lo que se realizó laparotomía exploradora y cistectomía parcial en bloque. En cuatro se identificó tumor en domo vesical y se efectuó cistoscopia y resección transuretral vesical; el informe de patología sugirió adenocarcinoma de uraco y la tomografía axial computarizada lo confirmó, permitiendo la etapificación clínica IIIb de Sheldon en tres pacientes y IVa en uno. Se realizó cistectomía radical con neovejiga ortotópica tipo Studer. Cuatro pacientes se encuentran sin recurrencia y uno murió a consecuencia de la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Los adenocarcinomas de uraco tuvieron una incidencia de 1.6 % en la población estudiada. La sintomatología refleja en la mayoría de los casos patología vesical, por lo que son estudiados y abordados como tal. La cirugía es la mejor oportunidad de cura.

BACKGROUND: Urachal carcinomas are rare neoplasms that constitute <1% of bladder tumors. We undertook this study to describe the medical and surgical experience of urachal carcinomas treated in our hospital. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive and observational study. Clinical files were reviewed of patients with diagnosis of bladder cancer and who were operated on with radical cystectomy with urinary substitution and extended partial cystectomy, selecting those patients with pathological report of urachal carcinoma. The study was conducted from January 1994 to May 2007 analyzing the following data: age, sex, symptoms, diagnostic methods, surgical approach, complications and disease-free survival. RESULTS: Of the 306 patients operated on with radical surgery for bladder cancer, only five patients (1.6%) had a diagnosis of urachal carcinoma. There were three (60%) men and two (40%) women, with a median age of 61 years. Hematuria was the chief complaint in all cases and the reason why they were initially treated with ultrasonography (USG). In one case, tumor of the right ovary was documented and the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and extended partial cystectomy. In the other four cases, tumor was reported in the dome of the bladder and for this reason cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) were done, confirming the clinical findings in addition to the pathology report suggesting urachal carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed the tumor in urachal topography, reporting a Sheldon clinical stage IIIb in three patients and stage IVa in one patient. This was the reason for the Studer-type orthotopic bladder substitution. Currently, four patients are being followed-up without recurrence, reporting only one death related to the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Urachal carcinomas are rare tumors with an incidence of 1.6% in our studied population. Symptoms in most cases are similar to those of bladder pathology origin. The surgical approach and procedure described here provide the best opportunity for disease-free survival.

Obstrucción de conductos eyaculadores / Ejaculatory duct obstruction

BACKGROUND: Prostatic cysts are rare lesions with a reported incidence from 1 to 7.9%. They have been associated with primary infertility. The main characteristic is the benign course and positive prognosis after correct surgical management. CLINICAL CASES: We present three clinical cases, two with primary infertility and another with a history of primary infertility who presented with recurrent hemospermia and refractory medical treatment. All patients had hypospermia and alteration of the seminal parameters represented by moderate oligospermia (MOS), asteno- and teratozoospermia, in addition to hemospermia in two patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by transrectal ultrasound. Transurethral resection (TUR) of the cyst was performed in two cases and resection of the veru montanum in one, obtaining improvement in the seminal parameters after 1 month of follow-up and acceptable parameters for spontaneous conception at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Infertility associated with partially obstructed ejaculatory ducts may be suspected clinically by hypospermia. Transrectal ultrasound is essential to confirm the diagnosis. TUR of this lesion reestablishes the free passage of semen in almost all patients, with potential recovery of fertility 6 months after treatment.

Dos métodos para la toma de biopsia transrectal de próstata ecodirigida: sistemática versus ecosospechosa / Two methods for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: systematic vs guided for suspect echogenic lesion

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this study to determine the efficiency of ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy applying two techniques: systematic extended vs. suspicious sonographic areas. METHODS: Medical files and histopathological reports were reviewed of patients who were treated at the Specialties Hospital of the 21st Century Medical National Center in Mexico City with suspicion of prostate cancer (T1, T2 and PSA <10 ng/ml). Patients had ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy applying two techniques: systematic extended vs. hypoechoic suspicious sonographic areas. Studies were carried out from January 1, 2005 to July 2006. RESULTS: Of 145 selected patients submitted to ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy, systematic extended biopsy (group I) was carried out in 73 (50.3%), taking on average 11.75 cylinders per patient. In 72 (49.6%) patients, biopsies were taken on suspicious sonographic areas (group II), taking on average 4.02 cylinders. In group I, 36 (49.3%) patients were positive vs. group II, where 20 (27.7%) patients were positive (p <0.01) with an estimation of risk in favor of group I, determining a probability 2.5 times higher of positivity with this technique (95% confidence interval: range 1.2-5) and a better performance in 22%. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic extended ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy represents a technique with a higher rate of efficiency than using ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy in suspicious sonographic areas and has proven over time to be the superior prostate biopsy technique for diagnosis of prostate cancer. It must be considered the method of choice.